Temperate+Broadleaf+Forest

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 * Temperate Broad leaf Deciduous Forest **

Temperate broad leaf forests are the richest in eastern North America and central china whole some other distinct global regions included Caucasus, the Himalayas, southern Europe, and the Russian Far East. Overall, these biomes cover about 7.5 square kilometers URL: []
 * Location: **
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-**Sub-canopy**: composed of mostly smaller mature trees, saplings, and younger trees that later develop into the canopy layer. -**Shrub:** composed of plants growing close to the ground - **Herbaceous stratum**: the lowest growing layer.
 * Structure: **
 * Canopy**- The canopy is the top layer of a temperate broadleaf forest composed of mostly tall mature trees.
 * Understory layer**

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 * Plants: **The majority of the trees in a temperate broadleaf forest are deciduous, which means they lose all their leaves in preparation for the winter in order to conserve energy. As a result, the fallen leaves form a thick layer of rotting organic material once the snow melts. Deciduous trees typically grow 60-100 feet tall and contribute to the biome’s moderate ecological diversity (3-4 tree species per square kilometer). The major species of trees include Pinaceae, Fagaceae, Juglandaceae, Aceraceae, Salicaceae, and Betulaceae. Common plant species found in the temperate broadleaf forest are mosses and lichens, oak, hickory, beech, hemlock, maple, basswood, cottonwood, elm, willow, sourwood, dogwood, redbud and wild herbs. Uncommon plant species include various species of shrub such as rhododendron, azaleas, mountain laurel, and huckleberries and some species of creepers such as wild grape, poison ivy, and the Virginia creeper. Plant diversity is high in North American and Asian forests but low in Europe because the Mediterranean prevented plant migration before the glaciers.
 * Animals: **In forests located in the northern hemisphere, many animals hibernate during the winter in order to conserve energy during a time period where food is scarce. A large population of birds and some species of bats migrated south for the winter. Because environments are varied, no dominant group of animal occupies a specific area. Common animal species include the gray squirrel, chipmunk, rabbit, woodpeckers, chickadees, blue jay, warblers, wrens, thrushes, tanagers, hummingbirds. Uncommon species include white-tail deer, skunk, raccoon, opossum, and beaver. Rare species include mountain lion, bobcat, timber wolf, coyote, fox and bears. Many of the animal species, including bird species are seed eaters or omnivores. For birds, migratory species are usually insectivorous.


 * Human Impact: ** Human populations are high in this biome, causing severe environmental damage and changes. Since deciduous forests are the most economically profitable resources for wood supply, deforestation is the biggest ecological issue facing these biomes. Its fertile soil is used for agricultural uses all over the world, leading to mass forest clearings and soil depletions. Many plants in this biome are also domesticated for the food industry in Europe and the Near East.